La ONU adopta un marco histórico para integrar el capital natural en los informes económicos

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Los países acuerdan ir más allá del PIB con un nuevo marco que da cuenta de la contribución de la naturaleza a la economía.

El pasado 10 de marzo en un movimiento que puede remodelar la toma de decisiones y la formulación de políticas hacia el desarrollo sostenible, las Naciones Unidas adoptaron hoy un nuevo marco que incluye las contribuciones de la naturaleza al medir la prosperidad económica y el bienestar humano. El nuevo marco, el Sistema de Contabilidad Ambiental-Económica, Contabilidad de Ecosistemas (SEEA EA), fue adoptado por la Comisión de Estadística de la ONU y marca un gran paso adelante que va más allá de la estadística comúnmente utilizada del producto interno bruto (PIB) que ha dominado la economía informando desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta medida garantizaría que el capital natural —bosques, humedales y otros ecosistemas— sea reconocido en los informes económicos. Los expertos enfatizan que si bien una estadística como el PIB hace un buen trabajo al mostrar el valor de los bienes y servicios intercambiados en los mercados, no refleja la dependencia de la economía de la naturaleza, ni sus impactos en la naturaleza, como el deterioro de la calidad del agua. o la pérdida de un bosque. El secretario general de la ONU, António Guterres, acogió con satisfacción la adopción del nuevo marco económico y medioambiental. “Este es un paso histórico hacia la transformación de la forma en que vemos y valoramos la naturaleza. Ya no permitiremos descuidadamente que la destrucción y la degradación del medio ambiente se consideren un progreso económico«.

El nuevo marco también puede respaldar la toma de decisiones en dos conferencias cruciales a finales de este año: la COP15 sobre biodiversidad en Kunming y la Conferencia sobre el clima de Glasgow, COP 26. Según un nuevo informe del PNUMA, “Hacer las paces con la naturaleza”, la economía mundial se ha multiplicado casi por cinco en los últimos 50 años, en gran parte debido a que se triplicó la extracción de recursos naturales y energía que ha impulsado el crecimiento de la producción y el consumo. Durante el mismo tiempo, la población mundial se ha multiplicado por dos, a 7800 millones de personas, y aunque en promedio la prosperidad también se ha duplicado, alrededor de 1300 millones de personas siguen viviendo en la pobreza y unos 700 millones pasan hambre. “Este es un gran paso adelante”, dijo Inger Andersen, Directora Ejecutiva del PNUMA. “El nuevo marco puede cambiar las reglas del juego en la toma de decisiones. Al resaltar la contribución de la naturaleza, ahora tenemos una herramienta que nos permite ver y valorar adecuadamente la naturaleza. Puede ayudarnos a lograr un cambio rápido y duradero hacia la sostenibilidad tanto para las personas como para el medio ambiente”.

La adopción llega en un momento en que el cambio climático continúa su implacable marcha y el mundo está en camino de alcanzar nuevos máximos de calentamiento, subiendo al menos 3°C por encima de los niveles preindustriales para 2100. Según la Organización Meteorológica Mundial, 2020 fue en un punto muerto para ser uno de los tres años más cálidos registrados, y 2011-2020 fue la década más cálida registrada, con los seis años más cálidos desde 2015. Y la pérdida de la biodiversidad y la integridad de los ecosistemas, junto con el cambio climático y la contaminación socavará nuestros esfuerzos en el 80% de las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Y, sin embargo, los países continúan tomando decisiones sobre la economía sin tener en cuenta los impactos ambientales. Los gobiernos siguen destinando más de 5 billones de dólares estadounidenses en subsidios anuales a los combustibles fósiles, la agricultura y la pesca no sostenibles, las energías no renovables, la minería y el transporte. “A medida que los gobiernos del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica se preparan para acordar e implementar un marco que reformulará nuestra relación con la naturaleza, este nuevo marco proporcionará un impulso para una contabilidad precisa del valor de la biodiversidad”, dice Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, Secretaria Ejecutiva de el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. «Al hacerlo, es un paso hacia el desarrollo sostenible«.

El nuevo marco reconoce que los ecosistemas brindan servicios importantes que generan beneficios para las personas. En esencia, son activos que deben mantenerse, similares a los activos económicos. Por ejemplo, los bosques desempeñan un papel en el suministro de agua limpia a las comunidades, sirviendo como filtros naturales de agua con árboles, plantas y otras características, como la profundidad del suelo, que ayudan a absorber la contaminación por nutrientes como el nitrógeno y el fósforo antes de que pueda fluir a arroyos, ríos, lagos, etc. Más de 34 países están compilando cuentas de ecosistemas de forma experimental. Con la adopción de las nuevas recomendaciones contables, se espera que muchos más países comiencen a implementar el sistema, aunque un número significativo de países necesitará asistencia y recursos adicionales para la recopilación de datos estadísticos. Fuente: Naciones Unidas.
Hashtag #MakeNatureCount

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